X-Ray Screeners Could See X-Rated X-Rays free essay sample

Sharkey advertizes that airlines are trying to bring in X-ray units that will be able to look beyond clothing, to the outline of bare skin. This precaution is becoming effective because technology is getting more advanced. Since metal detectors can’t be as reliable as we once thought, serious measures need to be demanded. However, scientists have discovered the previous precautions of metal detectors are irrelevant due to liquid hazard that they cannot detect. This article even says, â€Å"it found that federal airport screeners using metal-detecting magnetometers did a miserable job identifying weapons concealed in carryon bags or on the bodies of undercover agents. † If airlines can’t find undercover agents hazardous weapons, what makes people think airlines should be trusted to discover hazards from terroristic attacks. This article is important because it discusses the public health, and safety. Of course airline security strives to be safe and have strict policy. We will write a custom essay sample on X-Ray Screeners Could See X-Rated X-Rays or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand we have people who believe this extent of security is an invasion of privacy. By going about these precautions, we could be disrespecting people’s values, or possibly religion. This decision is very skeptical, there is much balance on either side to become an â€Å"even trade† per say. This article was written in 2005, at the time this topic was very relevant due to the dreadful tragedy of 9-11. In the after math of 9-11 people became unsure of their safety, and quit flying. Airlines saw a 30% drop in flight activity. The airline business was also negative in thousands of dollars due to the cost of delayed airlines. The only thing to do was advance security. When going public with the idea of this X-ray, many people spoke out about their privacy being invaded, and also their loved ones. America has many laws prohibiting the nude body to even be seen, so how could this be legal? This article would be a claim to value, because there are two ideas being argued about which is most important. This article informs us about the pros and cons of X-ray scanners. Yes, they are more advanced then the previous echnology before the tragedy of 9-11 and have a high chance of detecting hazardous substances. On the other hand, they invade your privacy down to your nude body. Is it law abiding to let a security guard be able to scan your children? In our society we know of nude to be specifically sexual. Our nude bodies are something we keep to ourselves. It comes as a disgrace to some to see people reveal their bo dy to strangers, or the public. There are professions that some may engage in that are known as exotic dancing, which is the revealing of the body. In Stripped: Inside the lives of an exotic dancer, Bernadette Barton says â€Å"even though this act is legal, it breaks the rules of being a respectable lady in this society. † Being the case, would make x-ray scanning for the public against the rules of a respectable society. In this article Joe Sharkey introduced his claim very well and surprisingly neutral minded. From a readers perspective he was able to produce information in a structured and very un bias manner. This article gave a great outlook on what all comes with the production of a new security precaution. This article was very effective to the public. Being the fact that this article had no warrant, makes it easier for the public to evaluate and think critically on which claim they prefer. Also due to the fact this article had no warrant made this article informal, instead of argument based. In a closing statement, this article demonstrated many point of views on the topic. Sharkey was very productive with getting all ideas on the table, and giving them with no preference of his own. Sharkey also brought much quotation into his article, and did much research to provide the greatest accumulation of information.

Using A Sample Essay For Law School

Using A Sample Essay For Law SchoolHaving a sample essay for law school may seem like an impossible task. It is definitely a great way to get some practice in before you actually have to write your own. Using a sample can really help you improve your ability to write well, and can make it easier for you to concentrate on what needs to be done. There are plenty of reasons to use a sample.First of all, this will help you become familiar with the type of essay that you need to write. This can make it easier for you to understand how to present your ideas in a persuasive manner that will be convincing enough to get you the grades you want. The writing sample that you use should have a style that is easy to understand. You should not feel any pressure to copy everything word for word, because you can do this, but rather, you should be able to decipher what the information needs to be in your writing.Writing an essay doesn't have to be difficult or time consuming, especially if you take a moment to use a sample. You should be able to use the basic elements of the types of essays that are given in most law schools and you will be able to get a better feel for the type of essay that you should be doing. This is not only good for learning, but it can also help you see the flow of a piece and figure out what is important for you to include in your essay.It is true that you can prepare an essay on your own, but you can get so bogged down by the rules of grammar and syntax that you will not be able to do much of anything, unless you are going to hire someone to do it for you. You can have someone else read the essay for you, but you still won't know how to structure the content in the way that you would like. Using a sample is good because you will be able to get some practice in before you actually go to law school.The next thing about using a sample essay for law school is that you will find it easier to understand. You will be able to look at it and recognize how you sh ould be framing your essay and whether you should use a conversational tone or a formal one. You will also be able to have a better understanding of what parts of the essay are important and what parts you should skip over in order to make it seem like you are putting more effort into it.One of the things that most people forget about law school is that you will be studying a lot of material and preparing yourself for a long period of time. It is true that a lot of people get nervous when they go to school, but the more you can prepare yourself for it, the better off you will be. Using a sample essay for law school will help you focus on those subjects that are going to be most important to you, and will allow you to focus on those things you are not as confident in.After you have gotten the hang of it, you will find that writing an essay is easier than you thought. You will be able to focus on the material better, you will be able to write with more confidence, and you will be able to express yourself well. You will be able to put together something that is close to what is required, and this will allow you to succeed in law school.Writing an essay is something that you need to practice often in order to do well. You need to learn about what you should be doing in order to make it easier for you to read and to write, and you need to learn what goes into making a good piece of writing. Using a sample essay for law school will help you get a good feel for the types of essays that you will be expected to write.

A view from the bridge dramatically effective Essay Example

A view from the bridge dramatically effective Essay Example A view from the bridge dramatically effective Essay A view from the bridge dramatically effective Essay Later due to Eddies Negativity it seems as if everyone is against Eddie. Who Miller at the moment is being made out to be Selfish and bad. After all this it says Catherine puts on a record and flushed with revolt asks Rodolfo to dance. The words flushed with revolt show us that Catherine is very annoyed and wants to get back and Eddie, showing him she is not his puppet and is independent. Rodolfo at the moment is not too sure about Eddie so decides to say no, but Beatrice once again going against Eddie tells them to dance. Eddie is frustrated and the play says he turns his head away. He then seems to plan how hes going to get Rodolfo back for this. To take attention away from what hes done he starts praising Rodolfo which hes never done before. This is a physical way of showing emotions, a lot of Millers messages are sent through physical activities. He then finds his opportunity by asking Rodolfo to box with him. He then starts to seem really nice. Hes teaching Rodolfo how to defend himself from enemies. Acting very friendly with him. Beatrice who first thought this was a bad idea starts enjoying it. Everything is going well. Eddie asks Rodolfo to hit him and after Eddie says hes going to hit Rodolfo but in a friendly way. So Eddie hits him hard. He alone knows that he has got his revenge from Rodolfo dancing with Catherine. Everyone is wondering whether Rodolfo is ok and Rodolfo trying to seem manly in front of Catherine says yes hes fine he was just surprised. Everyone else falls for it. This was a way of Eddie getting his anger out, also showing Rodolfo that he wants respect from him. This again is Physical like most of the key moments in Millers play. Mainly the intension had been to seem a bigger man than Rodolfo! Lastly and this is the most important section which makes the end of act one dramatically effective. Is the scene where Marco asks Eddie to lift a chair with one hand and Eddie cant, but Marco can. Everyone has fallen for Eddies punch on Rodolfo as being merely friendly except Marco who realises there was a deeper intension. He then confronts Eddie this way showing him that he is stronger than him; mainly that he will defend his brother anytime he needs to. So Eddie should watch what he does. This is the second Confrontation between Eddie and Marco. Miller also wanted this to leave a cliff-hanger to make audiences or reader want to continue reading or come back and watch the rest of the play. This also makes you think about what happens in the play a lot more. Once again it is physical showing that most of the play is based on physical activities.

Free Essays on A Dolls House

A Doll’s House In 1879 the first stage production of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House caused quite a stir, ending with what one critic called â€Å"the slammed door that reverberated across the roof of the world†. (Handout, A Doll’s House, Ibsen, pg 580) It is hard to imagine today that a woman leaving her husband and children behind to go find herself could even raise an eyebrow, but this was the Nineteenth Century. This was a time of openly displayed male dominance, where women were brought up to be economically, socially, and psychologically dependent on men and especially on the institutions of marriage and motherhood. Women were expected to be the trophy, the plaything, as well as the means for bearing children for their husbands and, during this time, women did what was expected of them. They allowed themselves to be spoiled and didn’t let on if they minded not being able to think for themselves. Ibsen’s character, Nora, turned all these traditiona l roles upside down in 1879, with one closing of the door. Nora Helmer was raised by her father according to the traditions of that period, meaning she was expected to absorb his opinions, ideas, and tastes rather than develop her own. She was made to believe her greatest role in life was in becoming a wife and mother. Her father, like her husband, did not take her seriously but treated her like a doll or a plaything. She performs for her husband in exactly the way he wants her to perform. He wants her to be pretty and childlike, with no head for business. Nora knows if she behaves the way he wants, it will make him happy. His values will have been flattered by her playfulness and his ego will be stroked. It is then she can get what she wants. That in itself brings a sense of power over men that women have always had, and maintain today. In the play, Nora has secretly borrowed money, by forging her father’s name to an IOU, to take her seriously ill husband ... Free Essays on A Doll's House Free Essays on A Doll's House I found A Doll’s house to be a very complex and a very well thought out play. Rather than presenting the traditional happy ending Ibsen decided to end the play with a twist, especially for the times. I decided to take the ending that Ibsen used and prolong it. Through out the play I had a connection with the character of Dr.Rank. I felt that he provided guidance and advice to household. Since Torvald confided in him so much I felt that Nora should as well. I sent Nora to Dr.Rank’s home was mostly because of the conversation they had earlier when Rank told Nora had some feelings for her and also the fact he was the only other person Nora trusted or confided in at the time besides her friend Kristine. Since Nora left her home so confident and headstrong I did not want that momentum to die in the next act (IV). Even though DR.RANK was not in the best physical and metal condition I still wanted him to be an asset to the play. I believed that having that conversation in RANK’S home showed that she did care for him as well and that she also trusted him and the advise he had. I wanted to show NORA and DR.RANK having something in common in act IV because I felt they had a small connection during the play. Plus I wanted to show a change in character with DR.RANK because I wanted him to continue throughout the play. At the very end, when NORA asked rank for money it was the punch line related to the incident with Krogstad. The reason being I feel that NORA could never the independent women that she dreams of. Nor does know any other lifestyle and she always has to be controlled or comforted by someone.... Free Essays on A Doll's House In Henrik Ibsen’s, A Doll’s House, the character of Nora Helmer goes through the dramatic transformation from a kind a loving mother to an empowered woman. Her transformation is the personification of feminism during the nineteenth century. Torvald, her husband, represents society in the way he treats his wife. Nora rebels against this treatment and comes to realize that she is her own person, not a mother, not a wife, but a woman. In Act I Nora is still nothing more than a child, careless in her action and not thinking ahead to the possible consequences. She enters the scene, just returning from her Christmas shopping, planning to have a big holiday party. Her husband, Torvald, tells her that their budget this year won’t permit them to have the usual big holiday party they usually have. He speaks to her in a very condescending way, representing the way society viewed women at the time. Her treats her like a child, telling her that she doesn’t know better and calling her pet names like â€Å"songbird† and saying that she is â€Å"scatterbrained†. Society at this time viewed woman in the exact same way. Creatures meant to be taken care of because they â€Å"did not know better†. Torvald’s condescending manner serves to slowly push Nora closer and closer to the edge, finally pushing her over in the end. Toward the end of Act I a man named Krogstad enters onto the scene. This is the man from whom Nora has borrowed four thousand crowns to finance a trip to southern Italy. This meeting begins Nora’s slow transformation from the inferior half of society to the empowered woman. Krogstad comes to Nora seeking a favor. He works at the bank where Torvald is the manager and he has broken the law, but still wants to keep his job. He asks Nora to try to persuade Torvald to let him keep his job. When Krogstad asks this favor of Nora he highlights another role that society demands of women. He recognizes the feminine influ... Free Essays on A Doll's House â€Å"People who questioned how Nora Helmer could fare in the world on her own were not aware that it is a common theme in folklorethat of the innocent creature journeying through the world to discover basic human values...Only an innocent, fearless creature has the power of vision to see through false values of sophisticated society†{Marianne Sturman). This quote lays the foundation for the circumstances that kept the character, Nora, innocent and quite naive to the ways of the world. But, innocence should not be mistaken as an inability to adapt and overcome, as Nora completely demonstrates her ability to do so in Henry Ibsen’s play, â€Å"A Doll’s House.† Nora’s innocence allows her to see through the subterfuge and masks that polite society obtain in order to make their way in the world. However, in the time this play is set, Nora is kept, much like a doll, away from the necessity to struggle for a living. Lack of struggle does not make her unintelligent; in fact, she is just the opposite, having become a master manipulator. Of course, like most women of her time period, manipulation was the only way in which they could achieve their own goals. In this respect, women were reduced to the role of children. The men of the time, especially her husband Torvald, belittle their women and define them based on their potential as a companion, housekeeper, and the ability to produce offspring. This attitude is quite evident in Torvald’s belittling attitude of Nora. In one of the very first scenes between the two, the reader realizes that Torvald is going to be a domineering and demeaning person to Nora. He downplays her suggestions with dull phrases such as â€Å"how like a woman†(Ibsen 1011) and â€Å"Spendthrifts are sweet, but they use up a frightful amount of money† (Ibsen 1012). These are the types of phrases one uses with a child, which serves to reduce Nora to the status of a child. Torvald seems to take an ownership manne... Free Essays on A Doll's House A Doll’s House I believe that â€Å"A Doll’s House† could be updated because; most of the central ideas are still prevalent in today’s society. There are still women today that feel trapped by their marriages, still run away from their marriage’s leaving children behind, and still feel that it is important to do more then get married and have children. One of the reasons that I feel that â€Å"A Doll’s House† could be updated is that many women of today still feel trapped by their marriages. Some women, I’m sure this might be more common in upper class societies, fell that they are not equal to their husbands, just like Nora felt. They don’t receive all of the prestige and praise that their husbands do, and they wonder what their role is in the marriage. Many women of today still feel like they are a â€Å"doll† with nothing of importance to do. They have nannies and babysitters that practically raise their children, and so they feel that they don’t bring any real influence in raising their children. Just as Nora felt she didn’t have much influence in raising her children. Her husband even at one time was going to take her children away from her. In some cases all of these feelings can only be made worse if the wife in the marriage has no real college education. Then in this case she, is unable to get a job that is comparable to her husbands. This is exactly the problem that Nora had, and it was very frustrating to her. All these issues in today’s society can leave any women feeling trapped in her marriage just as Nora felt. On another note, although it is a lot more common now if not even a more accepted part of today’s society, women still run away from their marriage leaving children behind. All thought it would not be as shocking today’s society as it was in Nora’s time, there are still many cases of a wife leaving her family. I sure that everyone knows somebody that this has happened to... Free Essays on A Doll's House Influence Of Antigonism On A Doll's House It is very difficult to label something as a first in literature. Much the way inventions are often adaptations of previously patented objects, most authors borrow ideas and techniques form pre-existing media. In order to truly classify something as a first one must look for something entirely revolutionary, something that has never been done before. Two of these so called "firsts" include the first modern novel with Flaubert's Madame Bovary and what has been called the first modern play in Ibsen's A Doll's House. Regarding the latter, it is important to realize that while the play did break several molds which had endured for centuries, much was borrowed and adapted from past works. Of these, another "first" emerges for having shown a strong influence on Ibsen and his revolutionary play. Coincidentally, it is what historians refer to as on of the first plays in existence, Sophocles' Antigone. In merely looking at the surface, one notices right away that both plays are significant in that they avoid the social temptation of using a man as a protagonist. Looking deeper into the stories, however, one can see that in even more contradiction with society, the female characters go against men. Both Antigone and Nora step into the spotlight as the female hero who has been put in a compromising situation and is forced to decide whether it is more important to follow what society dictates, or go with what they feel is moral and just. Antigone is faced with the death of both brothers, one who is to be buried with full military rites, while the other, under dictate of the king, is to be cast aside and allowed to rot in the sun. She places family before the law, and ventures out to give her brother a proper burial. In A Doll's House, Nora too must decide where the line between right and wrong is drawn. In order to save her husband's life, Nora forges her fa... Free Essays on A Doll's House A Doll’s House In 1879 the first stage production of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House caused quite a stir, ending with what one critic called â€Å"the slammed door that reverberated across the roof of the world†. (Handout, A Doll’s House, Ibsen, pg 580) It is hard to imagine today that a woman leaving her husband and children behind to go find herself could even raise an eyebrow, but this was the Nineteenth Century. This was a time of openly displayed male dominance, where women were brought up to be economically, socially, and psychologically dependent on men and especially on the institutions of marriage and motherhood. Women were expected to be the trophy, the plaything, as well as the means for bearing children for their husbands and, during this time, women did what was expected of them. They allowed themselves to be spoiled and didn’t let on if they minded not being able to think for themselves. Ibsen’s character, Nora, turned all these tradition al roles upside down in 1879, with one closing of the door. Nora Helmer was raised by her father according to the traditions of that period, meaning she was expected to absorb his opinions, ideas, and tastes rather than develop her own. She was made to believe her greatest role in life was in becoming a wife and mother. Her father, like her husband, did not take her seriously but treated her like a doll or a plaything. She performs for her husband in exactly the way he wants her to perform. He wants her to be pretty and childlike, with no head for business. Nora knows if she behaves the way he wants, it will make him happy. His values will have been flattered by her playfulness and his ego will be stroked. It is then she can get what she wants. That in itself brings a sense of power over men that women have always had, and maintain today. In the play, Nora has secretly borrowed money, by forging her father’s name to an IOU, to take her seriously ill husband ...

Importance of community health nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of community health nursing - Essay Example Hospitals are mostly the place of being exposed at the bedside nursing but now community health nursing is a field that is as important to the society. Being in a baccalaureate program had given me intrigue and more opportunities to explore my career in community health nursing. The primary mission of community health nursing is improving the overall health of the population through health promotion, illness prevention, and protection of the public from a variety of biological, behavioral, social, and environmental threats (Clark, 2008). Community health nursing has contributed so much to the social and healthcare reform. Moreover, the importance of this nursing field has created great changes in how nursing is being provided to an individual. There are significant events that the community health nursing established, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Communicable Disease Center (CDC), and American Red Cross. Public health nursing has led to many of the policy revolutions that helped bring family planning, workplace safety, and maternal child health services to people in need(â€Å"Nursing,† 2008). The global impact of community health nursing is not only around the nursing aspect but also around the cultural side of the society. Access of healthcare for the population is very diverse and with the government assistance to fund such different outreach programs, the choices of which a community needs health services are easily available for them. The importance of which is that the person is being treated at the convenience of there home, there community or people around them. The increasing availability of health care services such as community health nursing contributes to a better society especially in the nonurban areas, and elderly population. With the rising increase in the elderly population, illegal immigrants, and uninsured individual in the United States, community health services has provided care in a way that health

National incident based reporting system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

National incident based reporting system - Essay Example This paper identifies the current challenges of crime reporting as the lack of harmonization on the usage of crime reporting programs used in various states in U.S. It is important to note that some cities have failed to incorporate NIBRS into their crime prevention and detection system. It also addresses the technological opportunity presented by NIBRS in crime reporting technology and its advantages over the UCR. The paper makes some basic recommendation for effective crime reporting system. First, it recommend the need to involve the community and ordinary citizens in the system since they are the one affected by crime and it might be more effective if they know exactly the significance of correctly reporting a crime incident. Secondly, it calls for the crime reporting system to be more alert so as to adapt to the changing society so as to capture immerging new forms of crimes in our society. A crime is an act that violates a political or moral rule. Presently, an act that was considered a crime some years back might no longer be a crime in today's society. It is also true that what a certain community considers to be an antisocial act might mean nothing to another community. Statistical crime rate will directly be affected as culture and political environment changes. This in turn determines the allocation of resources for the enforcement of such laws and also influences public opinion. Public perception of a crime is affected if there are changes in the way the crime data are collected. (Hart, 1961) Law enforcing agencies before used to employ awkward way of crime reporting to know whether crime is increasing or not such as counting the number of people in the people and this made crime data analysis very difficult. Until early 18th century, the data collection on crime incidences was insignificant. (Blythe, 1992) The governments of all nations all over the world have been looking forward to minimizing the occurrence of crime in the society. The incidences of crimes are usually identified by location, gender, nature and race by these crime reporting programs. This has really helped the government in allocating resources by allocating more resources in the areas more prone to crimes to reduce them. The crime incidences reporting have helped the Federal state to plan and redirect resources in fighting crimes since the UCR began its operations according to the data collected by USA government. According to the FBI (2006), there is an overall reduction in crime incidences ranging from violent to simple assaults for the past ten years. Statement of the problem Many crimes that happen every day goes unreported in the UCR crime reporting program. NIBRS in the other hand, as an improvement of UCR, has its own limitations. One, there is no enough resources needed to capture all the crime incidences. This in turn has lead to its failure in giving a proper picture of crime to the law enforcement agencies for it to strategies effective ways of fighting crimes. This has been contributed by failure of some cities to introduce the NIBRS in their systems and lack of harmonization in crime prevention system strategies and partnership between cities. This paper is an effort to address

E-Bussiness Essay Example for Free

E-Bussiness Essay Intermediary analysis, competitor analysis, demand analysis, opportunities +threats, SLEPT factors, resource analysis Demand analysis Examines current and projected customer use of each digital channel and different services within diff. target markets it can be determined by asking for each market: What % of cust. Bus. Have acces to the int. – what % of members of the buying unit in this bus. Have acces to the int. – what % of cust. Are prepared to purch. Ur product online. Customer demand analysis 2 parts: org. arket (internet access , visit site , purchase influenced , buy online) Customer market( Same ) segmentation Is the identification of diff. groups within a target market in order to develop diff. product offerings and comm. For the groups Stages in target marketing strategy: 1- segmentation(informed by market research and informs market segment definition) 2- target marketing (evaluates and select target segments it is informed by demand analysis and informs select online targeting and target segments) 3- positioning ( identify proposition for each segment ,informs core brand proposition,online value prop. 4- planning (deploy resources to achieve plan, informed by evaluation of resources and informs online marketing mix restructuring) Diff types of segmentation variables 1. behavior 2. attitude and preferences 3. lifestyle and psychographics 4. demographic profile data 5. unknown Questions To help develop a customer centric strategy for e-marketing -who are our customers -how are their need changing -which do we target -how can we add value -how do we become first choice(positioning ,differential advantage, online value proposition) 6 I’s The difference btwn new media and traditional media has been developed as the 6 I’s: -Interactivity: (enables companies to communicate with customers in a new way) pull marketing, the consumer is pro active with interacting with companies thru actively seeking info thru search engines. Push marketing, comm. Are broadcasts from an advisor to consumer . In interactivity we have dialogue not monologue(2 way feedback) -Intelligence: the int. can be used as a low cost method of collecting marketing research (everytime a user clicks on a link this is recorded and can be analyzed with the web analytics tool) Individualization: It is as personalization and it is an important aspect of achieving customer relationship management online thru extranets , thru B2B , it is an example of mass customization where generic customer info is supplied for particular segments, this means in a traditional media u send same msg to all the customers but in new media u can send diff. sgs to each customer and have diff feedback from them. -Integration: how the int. can be used as an integrated comm. Tool : as an intermediary btwn company and customer we can have a web an email a phone a mail or a person , the int. can be used as a direct response tool , the website can have a direct response or a call back facility , the int. an be used to support the buyi ng decision and to support customer service. -Industry restructuring: disintermediation, reintermediation and countermediation are key concepts of industry restructuring that should be considered by any company developing an e marketing strat. -Independence of location: to be globalized , the int. makes it possible to sell a country without a local sale or customer service force. P’s Used to provide new opportunities for the marketer 7 P’s(marketing mix) Product: quality and branding Promotion: sales promotion , direct marketing Price: list discounts , positioning Place: trade channels , segmented channels People: individuals on marketing activities, recruitment, training Process: customer focus , business led Physical evidence: sales and staff contact experience of brand , product packaging Different price points Subscription: sign Pay-per-view: a fee for a single download or viewing session Bundling: diff channels or content can be ffered as individual products or gr oup at a reduced price compared to pay per view Implications of the internet 1. Increase price transparency and its implications on differential pricing. Supplier can use the tech. for differential pricing , they must use it with precaution to don’t let price discrimination. Pricing is only one variable. 2. downward pressure on price. Purchase of some products that have not traditionally been thought as commodities may become more price sensitive. 3. new pricing approaches. There is two approaches: dynamic pricing . prices can be updated in real time according to the customer. Aggregated buying is a form of customer union where buyers purchase the same num. of items at the same price. 4. alternative pricing structures: basic price, discounts. Main elements of promotional mix Advertising(implemented by ads payperclick) Selling(virtual sales staff, chat) Sales promotion(rewards , coupons) Public relations(blogs , feeds, newsletter) Sponsorship Direct mail Exhibitions Merchandising Packaging (virtual tools , word of mouth) People process and physical evidence Some tactics by which people can be replaced or there work automated: 1. auto responders 2. mail notification 3. call back facility 4. frequently asked quests 5. on site search engines 6. virtual assistants Questions that need to be solved when specifying actions 1. what level of investment in the internet channel is sufficient to deliver these services 2. what training of staff is required. 3. what new responsibilities are required for effective internet marketing 4. are changes in org. structure requir ed to deliver int. based services? 5. what activities are involved in creating and maintaining the website. Barriers and risks of e-proc -competition issues. Eg: in exchanges using collaborative purchasing -possible negative perception from suppliers eg: their margins reduced further from eauctions -negotiated procurement benefits may be shared with other exchange users who may be competitors -creation of catalogues can be a long pricess and costly to suppliers -culture profile within orgs eg: resistance to change SCM Processes Processes thru which inputs are transferred to outputs. Upstream: Suppliers then supplier warehouse(can go directly to manufacturer the B2B company) then independent wholesaler then B2B retailer then distributor then manufacturer the B2B company. Suppliers can go directly to manufacturer the B2B company or can pass also thru supplier agent. Downstream: Manufacturer The B2B company can go directly to customers or pass thru B2B agent. Or go thru the company warehouse(can go directly to customers) then independent wholesaler then B2B retailer then distributor then customers. Drivers of procurement Control: improving compliance , achieving centralization, raising standards and improved auditing of data. Cost: improved buying leverage thru increased supplier competition. Process: rationalization and standardization of e-proc processes giving reduced cycle time Individual performance: knowledge sharing,value-added productivity and productivity improvements Supplier mgt: reduced supplier numbers , supplier mgt and selection integration. Benefits of e-supply chain 1. Increased efficiency of individual processes: if b2b co. Adopts e-procurement it will benefit from reduced cycle time and cost 2. Reduced complexity of the supply chain: B2B co. Will offer the facility to sell direct from its e-commerce site so it will reduce cost of channel dist. 3. Improved data integration: reduce cost of paper preocessing 4. Reduce cost thru outsourcing: lower costs thru price competition and reduced spend on manu capacity and holding. 5. Innovation: more flexible in delivering a more diverse range of products and reduce time market to achieve better customer responsiveness Push and Pull Push: a supply chain that emphasizes distribution of a product to passive customers. (Supplier manu. Distributor retailer customer) Aim is to optimize the production process for cost and efficiency Pull: an emphasis on using the supply chain to deliver value to customers who are actively invovled in product and service specification. Aim is to enhance product and service quality. Types of e-procurement E-sourcing: finding potential new suppliers using the int during the ingo gathering step of procurement process E-tendering: process of screenin suppliers and sending suppliers requests for info E-informing: qualification of suppliers for suitability E-reverse auctions: enable the purchasing company to buy goods and services that have lowest prices E-MRO and ERP: involve the purchase and supply of products which are the core of the mode e-proc apps. Vertical integration Extent to which supply chain act. Are undertaken and controlled within the org. Characteristics: majority of manu in-house and distant relationships with suppliers Virtual integration: majority of supply chain activities are undertaken and controlled outside the org. By third parties Charac: total reliance on third parties and close relationships with suppliers Vertical disintegration: move to outsourcing and network of suppliers, helps in cost reduction The value chain Model that considers how supply chain activities can add value to products and services delivered to the customer Virtual value chain involves electronic commerce used to mediate traditional value chain activities such as market research, procurement, logstics.. alternatives: traditional value chain model that distiguishes between primary actvts that contribute directly to getting goods and services to the customer and support activities to take place. And revised chain model Exp: if a retailer shares info electronically with a supplier about a product, this can enhance the value chain of both parties since the time for ordering can be reduced and lower costs. Types of intermediaries for e-proc -traditional manufac which produce physical goods that are sold to other customers -direct sales manu: they bypass intermed and sell direct to end consumers via web -value-added proc partners: act as intermed to sell product and services to other businesses(travel agents) -online hubs: industry specific vertical portal that generate revenues via B2B exchange -knowledge experts whos produce info goods -online info services provide unique info to end users -online retailers include startup e-businesses -portal communities seek to aggregate diff online info services into an integrated customer experience ex: online bill payment Systems Stock control system: relates mainly to production-related procurement CD or web-based catalogue: paper catalogues have been replaced by electronic forms that make it quicker to find suppliers E-mail or database-based workflow systems: integrate the entry of the order by the originator. Order-entry on website: the buyer often has the opportunity to order directly on the suppliers website Accounting systems: networked accounting sustems enable staff in the buying department to enter an order which can then be used by accounting staff to make payment when the invoice arrives Integrated e-procurement or ERP: these aim to integrate all the facilities above and will aolso include integration with supploers systems What is logistics? Logistics is the time related positioning of resource, or the strategic management of the total supply chain. It is used to refer not to all supply chain activities but specifically to the management of logistics or inbound(mgt of material resources entering an org from its suppliers) and outbound log. (Mgt of resources supplied from an org to its customers and intermediaries) Virtual organization Org which uses info and communications tech to allow it to operate withouy clearly defined physical boundaries btwn diff functions. CHARACTERISTICS: -lack of physical structure: virtual org have littlr or no physical existence. -reliance on knowledge: the lack of physical facilities and contacts means that knowledge is the key driving force. -Use of comm. Tech: they rely on IT -Mobile work: reliance on comm tech means that they do not rely only on plant or office to work. -Boundaryless and inclusive: they have fuzzy boundaries. Flexible: can be pulled together quickly Value network Or external value chain which is the links betwn an org and its strategic and non strategic partners that form its ext ernal value chain. Partners of a VN: supply-side partners: suppliers ,b2b exchanges, wholesalers Partners that fulfil primary or core value chain activites Sell-side partners: b2b exchanges,wholesalers,distributors,and customers Value chain partners who supply services that mediate the internal and external value chain Types of procurement Production related proc: relate to manufacturing of products. Operating procurement: thats supports the operations of the whole business and includes office supplies ,furniture,info systems..